TYPE

CAT

PLACE

DESCRIPTION

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Alabama, USA

Alabama Code Section 32-9B-3: Automated Commercial Vehicles – Operation Without Presence of Conventional Driver Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an automated commercial motor vehicle may operate in this state without a conventional driver physically present in the vehicle if the vehicle meets all of the following criteria:

(1) The automated commercial vehicle is capable of operating in compliance with applicable federal law and the traffic and motor vehicle laws of this state, including without limitation, applicable laws concerning the capability to safely navigate and negotiate railroad crossings.

(2) The automated commercial vehicle is registered and titled in accordance with the laws of this state.

(3) The automated commercial vehicle is certified in accordance with 49 C.F.R. Part 567 as being in compliance with federal motor vehicle safety standards and bears the required certification label or labels, including reference to any exemption granted under applicable federal law.

Resource:Code of Alabama

On-Road

Helmet Use

Alabama

labama Code Section 32-5A-245: Headgear and Shoes Required for Motorcycle or Motorcycle Driven Cycle Riders; Approval of Headgear; Juvenile Riders; Sale of Helmets

(a) No person shall operate or ride upon a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle unless he or she is wearing protective headgear that complies with standards established by Section 32-12-41.

(b) No person shall operate or ride upon a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle unless he or she is wearing shoes.

(c)(1) This section shall not apply to persons riding within an enclosed cab.

(2) This section does not apply to the operator of an autocycle, as defined under Section 32-6A-1.

(d) The Secretary of the Alabama State Law Enforcement Agency may approve or disapprove protective headgear and may adopt and enforce rules establishing standards and specifications for the approval thereof. The secretary shall publish lists of all protective headgear which have been approved by him or her.

(e) No person shall knowingly permit or allow any juvenile for whom he or she is a parent or guardian to operate or ride upon a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle while not wearing a protective helmet of the kind authorized by Section 32-12-41.

(f) No person shall knowingly permit or allow any juvenile for whom he or she is a parent or guardian to operate or ride upon a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle while not wearing shoes.

(g) No manufacturer, retailer, or other person shall sell or offer for sale motorcycle helmets that fail to comply with the standards established by the Secretary of the Alabama State Law Enforcement Agency pursuant to this section.
Resource: Code of Alabama

On-Road

Motorcycle Rider Education

Alabama

Alabama Code Section 32-12-22: License Requirements of Persons Operating Motor Driven Cycles

(a) A person operating a motor-driven cycle with a Class M motorcycle license with a motor-driven cycle restriction, a motorcycle Class M displayed on the person’s regular license, or a Class M motorcycle license shall be granted all of the rights and shall be subject to all of the duties applicable to the driver of any other vehicle under Chapter 6 of this title, except as to special regulations in this article and those provisions of this chapter which by their nature can have no application.

(b)(1) A Class M motorcycle license with a motor-driven cycle restriction shall be issued to any person 14 years and older if the person has passed a motorcycle knowledge test designated by the Alabama Law Enforcement Agency or if the individual has successfully completed an Alabama Traffic Safety Center/Alabama Motorcycle Safety Program, Motorcycle Safety Foundation, Basic Riders Course.

(2) A person 17 years of age or younger operating a motor-driven cycle shall be subject to the operating hours, exceptions, and suspensions provided in Section 32-6-7.2.

(c) This section and the portion of Section 32-5A-240 amended by Act 2015-223 do not apply to a person who has obtained a license to operate a motorcycle or a motor-driven cycle prior to January 1, 2016.

Resource: Code of Alabama

Off-Road

Access to Public Lands

Alabama

Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Administrative Code Section 220-5-.04: Operation of Vehicles

(1) Driving motor vehicle in excess of posted speed shall be unlawful.

(2) Driving any vehicle carelessly and heedlessly disregarding the rights or safety of others, or without due caution and at a speed, or in a manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or property shall be unlawful.

(3) Riding on the hood, roof, fenders, or trunk, or other exterior portion of automobiles, or riding on the roof, fenders, hood, bumper of trucks, while traveling on parks roads or other parks premises shall be unlawful.

(4) Motor bikes, minibikes, motorcycles, motor scooters, go-carts, any other type motorized vehicle and bicycles shall not be driven in any areas or on any trails not designated for their use. Only licensed vehicles shall be allowed to be utilized by the public on Park roads.

(5) No motorized vehicles of any kind or bicycles shall be allowed on horse trails, hiking trails or beach areas in any State Park, except where specifically permitted.

(6) Driving motorbikes, motorcycles, or other motor vehicles on State Park roads for any purpose other than access into or egress out of State Park areas shall be unlawful.

(7) Operating a motor vehicle at any time without a muffler in good working order, or operating a motor vehicle in such a manner as to create excessive or unusual noise or annoying smoke, or using a muffler cut off, by pass, or similar device shall be unlawful.

Resource: Code of Alabama

Off-Road

OHV Registration

Alabama

Alabama Code Section 32-12A-2: Voluntary Registration of All-Terrain or Off- Highway Recreational Vehicles

The owner of an all-terrain vehicle or recreational off-highway vehicle may register the vehicle with the Alabama State Law Enforcement Agency.

Resource: Code of Alabama

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Arizona

Arizona Revised Statutes Title 28-903: Operation of motorcycle on laned roadway; exceptions.
A. All motorcycles are entitled to the full use of a lane. A person shall not drive a motor vehicle in such a manner as to deprive any motorcycle of the full use of a lane. This subsection does not apply to motorcycles operated two abreast in a single lane.
B. Except as provided in subsection F of this section, the operator of a motorcycle shall not overtake and pass in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken.
C. Except as provided in subsection F of this section, a person shall not operate a motorcycle between the lanes of traffic or between adjacent rows of vehicles.
D. A person shall not operate a motorcycle more than two abreast in a single lane.
E. Subsections B and C of this section do not apply to peace officers in the performance of their official duties.
F. The operator of a two-wheeled motorcycle may overtake and pass another vehicle that is stopped in the same direction of travel and in the same lane as the operator and may operate the motorcycle between lanes of traffic if the movement may be made safely and if the operator does both of the following:
1. Operates the motorcycle on a street that both:
(a) Is divided into at least two adjacent traffic lanes in the same direction of travel.
(b) Has a speed limit that does not exceed forty-five miles per hour.
2. Travels at a speed that does not exceed fifteen miles per hour.

Resources: Arizona State Legislature

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Arizona

Arizona Revised Statues Title 28-9702: Operation of autonomous vehicles.
A. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the operation of autonomous vehicles with or without a human driver is subject to all applicable federal and state laws.
B. A person may operate an autonomous vehicle with the automated driving system engaged on public roads in this state with a licensed human driver who is able to resume part or all of the dynamic driving task or respond to a request to intervene, if any.
C. A fully autonomous vehicle may operate on public roads without a human driver only if a person submits both:
1. A law enforcement interaction plan to the department of transportation and the department of public safety that is consistent with and addresses all of the elements in the law enforcement protocol that was issued by the department of public safety on May 14, 2018, before beginning the operation or if the operation has already begun, within sixty days after September 29, 2021.
2. A written statement to the department of transportation acknowledging all of the following:
(a) When required by federal law, the fully autonomous vehicle is equipped with an automated driving system that is in compliance with all applicable federal laws and federal motor vehicle safety standards and bears the required certification labels including reference to any exemption granted by the national highway traffic safety administration under applicable federal law.
(b) If a failure of the automated driving system occurs that renders that system unable to perform the entire dynamic driving task relevant to its intended operational design domain, the fully autonomous vehicle will achieve a minimal risk condition.
(c) The fully autonomous vehicle is capable of complying with all applicable traffic and motor vehicle safety laws of this state and the person who submits the written statement for the fully autonomous vehicle may be issued a traffic citation or other applicable penalty if the vehicle fails to comply with traffic or motor vehicle laws.
(d) The fully autonomous vehicle meets all applicable certificate of title, registration, licensing and insurance requirements of this title.
D. If a person fails to submit a law enforcement interaction plan or statement prescribed by subsection C of this section, the department may immediately issue a cease and desist letter prohibiting the operation of a fully autonomous vehicle on public roads of this state until the person submits the law enforcement interaction plan and statement.
E. When engaged, the automated driving system is considered the driver or operator of the autonomous vehicle for the purpose of assessing compliance with applicable traffic or motor vehicle laws and is both:
1. Deemed to satisfy electronically all physical acts required by a driver or operator of the vehicle.
2. Exempt from the requirements of chapter 8 of this title.
F. Notwithstanding any other law, a licensed human driver is not required to operate a fully autonomous vehicle that is operated in compliance with this chapter.
G. This chapter does not prohibit or restrict a licensed human driver from driving a fully autonomous vehicle equipped with controls that allow for the human driver to control all or part of the dynamic driving task.

Resources: Arizona State Legislature

On-Road

Motorcycle Rider Education

Arizona

See Motorcycle Endorsement Requirements.

Resources:ARS28-2010 Motorcycle Safety Fund

On-Road

Distracted and Inattentive Driving

Arizona

Arizona Revised Statutes Title 28-914: Use of portable wireless communication device while driving; prohibition; civil penalty; state preemption; definitions.
A. Unless a motor vehicle is parked or stopped pursuant to section 28-645, subsection A, paragraph 3 or section 28-851, a person may not operate a motor vehicle on a street or highway if the person does either of the following:

1. Physically holds or supports with any part of the person’s body either of the following:
(a) A portable wireless communication device, except that a person may use a portable wireless communication device with an earpiece, headphone device or device worn on a wrist to conduct a voice-based communication.
(b) A stand-alone electronic device.

2. Writes, sends or reads any text-based communication, including a text message, instant message, email or internet data, on a portable wireless communication device or stand-alone electronic device. This paragraph does not apply to either of the following:
(a) The use of voice-based communications, including through the use of a portable wireless communication device or stand-alone electronic device, to direct the writing, sending, reading or other communicating of any text-based communication.
(b) The use of a portable wireless communication device or stand-alone device when used in a hands-free manner for:
(i) Navigation of the motor vehicle.
(ii) Use of a global positioning system.
(iii) Obtaining motor vehicle information or information related to driving a motor vehicle.

B. This section does not prohibit the operation of a motor vehicle while using a device, including a device that is accessible through an interface that is embedded in a motor vehicle, that allows communication without the use of either of the driver’s hands, except to activate or deactivate a function of the device.

C. This section does not apply to:
1. An operator of an authorized emergency, law enforcement or probation vehicle who uses a portable wireless communication device while acting in an official capacity.
2. An operator who is licensed by the federal communications commission while operating a radio frequency device other than a portable wireless communication device.
3. An operator who uses a two-way radio or private land mobile radio system, within the meaning of 47 Code of Federal Regulations part 90, while in the performance and scope of the operator’s work-related duties and who is operating a fleet vehicle or who possesses a commercial driver license.

Resources: Arizona Legislature

On-Road

State Insurance Requirements

Arizona

Arizona Revised Statutes Title 28-4009: Motor vehicle liability policy requirements.
A. An owner’s motor vehicle liability policy shall comply with the following:
1. The policy shall designate by explicit description or by appropriate reference all motor vehicles for which coverage is granted. If coverage is provided for a fleet of seven or more motor vehicles, the maximum payable for any one accident is the limit of liability stated in the policy. There is no accumulation of coverage for each separate vehicle covered.

2. The policy shall insure the person named in the policy as the insured and any other person, as insured, using the motor vehicle or motor vehicles with the express or implied permission of the named insured against loss from the liability imposed by law for damages arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of the motor vehicle or motor vehicles within the United States or the Dominion of Canada, subject to limits exclusive of interest and costs, for each motor vehicle as follows:

(a) For a policy that is issued or renewed on or before June 30, 2020 or for a policy that is issued to a person that has a valid certificate of self-insurance or partial self-insurance pursuant to section 28-4007:
(i) $15,000 because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one accident.
(ii) Subject to the limit for one person, $30,000 because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one accident.
(iii) $10,000 because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one accident.

(b) For a policy that is issued or renewed beginning on July 1, 2020, except for a policy that is issued to a person that has a valid certificate of self-insurance or partial self-insurance pursuant to section 28-4007:
(i) $25,000 because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one accident.
(ii) Subject to the limit for one person, $50,000 because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one accident.
(iii) $15,000 because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one accident.

Resources: Arizona Legislature

On-Road

Motorcycle Endorsement Requirements

Arizona

Arizona Revised Statutes Title 28-3164: Original Applicants; examination.
B. The examination shall include all of the following:
1. A test of the applicant’s:
(a) Eyesight.
(b) Ability to read and understand official traffic control devices.
(c) Knowledge of safe driving practices and the traffic laws of this state, including those practices and laws relating to bicycles.
(d) Knowledge of the effect of using a portable wireless communication device as defined in section 28-914 or engaging in other actions that could distract a driver on the safe or effective operation of a motor vehicle.
2. An actual demonstration of ability to exercise ordinary and reasonable control in the operation of a vehicle or vehicle combination of the type covered by the license classification or endorsement for which the applicant applies.
3. Other physical and mental examinations if the department finds them necessary to determine the applicant’s fitness to safely operate a motor vehicle on the highways.
C. The department may examine an original applicant for a class M license or a motorcycle endorsement or the department may accept the examination conducted by an authorized third party pursuant to chapter 13, article 1 of this title or documentation of successful completion of a motorcycle training program approved by the department. Beginning July 1, 2014, the documentation of successful completion of a motorcycle training program must be provided by a third party motorcycle driver license training provider authorized pursuant to section 28-5101.02 or a motorcycle training program approved by the department and provided in another state or by the United States military. The department may examine an applicant who has a motorcycle license from another jurisdiction. This examination shall be the same as for all applicants, except that the department may make modifications it finds necessary to determine the applicant’s fitness to operate a motorcycle, motor driven cycle or moped on the highways.
D. The department shall examine a person who holds a driver license issued by another country and who applies for an initial license in this state as an original applicant, except that the department may waive an actual demonstration of the ability to exercise ordinary and reasonable control in the operation of a motor vehicle if the person applies for a class D or G license and appears to meet the department’s medical qualifications and if the out-of-state license is not revoked or is not expired for more than one year.
E. The department may waive the driving examination for initial applicants for a class M license or a motorcycle endorsement if all of the following conditions exist:
1. The applicant’s current license indicates the applicant has been specifically licensed to operate a motorcycle.
2. The applicant appears to meet the department’s medical qualifications.
3. The applicant’s out-of-state license is not revoked or is not expired for more than one year.

Resources: Arizona Legislature

On-Road

Motorcyclist Profiling

Arkansas

No specific laws regulating motorcyclist profiling.

On-Road

Helmet Use

Arkansas

Arkansas Code 27-20-104: Standard equipment required.
All passengers and operators of motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, and motorized bicycles used upon the public streets and highways of this state shall be equipped with the following equipment under standards set forth by the Office of Motor Vehicle:
(1) Protective headgear unless the person is twenty-one (21) years of age or older; and
(2) Protective glasses, goggles, or transparent face shields.

Resources: Arkansas Code via LexisNexis

On-Road

Excessive Motorcycle Sound

Arkansas

Arkansas Code 27-37-601: Noise or smoke-producing devices prohibited.
(a) Every motor vehicle shall, at all times, be equipped with a factory-installed muffler or one duplicating factory specifications, in good working order and in constant operation, to prevent excessive or unusual noise and annoying smoke.
(b) No person shall use on a motor vehicle upon the public roads, highways, streets, or alleys of this state, nor shall any person sell for use on a motor vehicle upon the public roads, highways, streets, or alleys of this state, a muffler, other than as defined in subsection (a) of this section, cutout, bypass, similar device, or any type device which produces excessive or unusual noise or smoke.

Resources: Arkansas Code via LexisNexis

Off-Road

Access to Public Lands

Arkansas

Arkansas Game and Fish Division Regulation 20.19: Vehicle Restrictions on WMAs
A. It is unlawful on a WMA to operate any motorized vehicle including an electric or motorized bicycle: off any open access road and parking area; behind any gated, cabled or earthen barrier; where no road exists; on any trail, levee, or dam; on any food plot, wildlife opening, or fire lane; on any road that has been disked, seeded, or otherwise developed for wildlife; or in a direction of travel contrary to posted signs.
B. It is unlawful for any person on a WMA to use an Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) or amphibious vehicle.

EXCEPTIONS:
A. In compliance with Code 20.12.
B. Participants in the Freddie Black Choctaw Island WMA Deer Research Area East Unit Special Mobility-Impaired deer permit hunt.
C. Motorized vehicles, except for OHVs on main access roads, may not be used on Big Timber Upland WDA.
D. OHVs are allowed on open roads and trails on Casey Jones, Gum Flats, Howard County, Lafayette County, Lake Greeson, Poison Springs (motorized vehicles are not allowed on boundary lines that have been cleared by the Arkansas Forestry Commission) and Provo WMAs by hunters to access hunting locations and/or camping sites during open hunting seasons only.
E. Motorized vehicles and OHVs are allowed on Caney Creek, Cedar Mountain, Lee Creek, Mount Magazine, Muddy Creek, Piney Creeks, Sylamore, St. Francis National Forest and Winona WMAs, except on a road, temporary trailway or other area posted as closed by an earthen mound, gate, sign or other object. All vehicles OHVs are subject to the USDA Forest Service OHV policy on roads and trails as published in 36 CFR 261.
F. OHVs are allowed on open, maintained roads on Cherokee and Jim Kress WMAs by hunters in possession of a valid leased-land permit for the purposes of ingress and egress to hunting locations and/or camping sites only.
G. Participants in approved reserved/permitted organized events on the Camp Robinson SUA and persons training waterfowl retrievers in Public Use compartment 5 in compliance with posted signs.
H. Holders of AGFC Mobility Impaired Access (MIA) cards may operate OHVs only on designated mobility impaired access areas on Moro Big Pine Natural Area. OHVs must remain on road on the Moro Big Pine MIA old abandoned railroad trams north and south rights-of-way. OHVs on the Moro Big Pine MIA roads # TAR 15, 16 and 34 must be 100 feet and no more than 300 feet from the centerline of the road.
I. OHVs are allowed on designated open, maintained roads on Big Timber WMA by hunters to access hunting locations and/or camping sites during open hunting seasons. Open roads are designated on the WMA map and/or by signs. Use of OHVs on rights-of-way is strictly prohibited unless designated open.
J. Holders of AGFC Mobility-Impaired Access (MIA) may operate OHVs only on designated mobility impaired access areas on Jack Mountain WMA. OHVs on designated MIA areas must be 100 feet and no more than 300 feet from the centerline of the road. Only 1 hunting stand or blind per MIA card holder allowed.
K. OHVs are allowed on designated open, maintained roads on Jack Mountain WMA from September 1 – December 31 and 7 days prior to opening of turkey season through the end of turkey season. Use of OHVs on right-of-ways is strictly prohibited unless designated as an open road.
L. A Class 1 electric bicycle (as defined under Code 01.00-C, ELECTRIC BICYCLE) may be used on trails and areas where regular bicycles are allowed.

Resources: Arkansas Game and Fish Commission

Off-Road

OHV Registration

Arkansas

Arkansas Code Section 27-20-202: Registration required.
(a) All owners of three-wheeled, four-wheeled, or six-wheeled all-terrain vehicles that are not otherwise required to be registered by law shall register them with the Secretary of the Department of Finance and Administration within thirty (30) calendar days of acquiring them.

Resources: Arkansas Code via LexisNexis

On-Road

Lane Splitting

California

California Vehicle Code Section 21658 – 21658.1: Driving on the right side.
21658. Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one direction, the following rules apply:
(a) A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practical entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from the lane until such movement can be made with reasonable safety.
(b) Official signs may be erected directing slow-moving traffic to use a designated lane or allocating specified lanes to traffic moving in the same direction, and drivers of vehicles shall obey the directions of the traffic device.

21658.1. (a) For the purposes of this section, “lane splitting” means driving a motorcycle, as defined in Section 400, that has two wheels in contact with the ground, between rows of stopped or moving vehicles in the same lane, including on both divided and undivided streets, roads, or highways.
(b) The Department of the California Highway Patrol may develop educational guidelines relating to lane splitting in a manner that would ensure the safety of the motorcyclist and the drivers and passengers of the surrounding vehicles.
(c) In developing guidelines pursuant to this section, the department shall consult with agencies and organizations with an interest in road safety and motorcyclist behavior, including, but not limited to, all of the following:
(1) The Department of Motor Vehicles.
(2) The Department of Transportation.
(3) The Office of Traffic Safety.
(4) A motorcycle organization focused on motorcyclist safety.

Resources: California Code

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

California

California Vehicle Code Section 38750: Autonomous vehicles.
(b) An autonomous vehicle may be operated on public roads for testing purposes by a driver who possesses the proper class of license for the type of vehicle being operated if all of the following requirements are met:
(1) The autonomous vehicle is being operated on roads in this state solely by employees, contractors, or other persons designated by the manufacturer of the autonomous technology.
(2) The driver shall be seated in the driver’s seat, monitoring the safe operation of the autonomous vehicle, and capable of taking over immediate manual control of the autonomous vehicle in the event of an autonomous technology failure or other emergency.
(3) Prior to the start of testing in this state, the manufacturer performing the testing shall obtain an instrument of insurance, surety bond, or proof of self-insurance in the amount of five million dollars ($5,000,000), and shall provide evidence of the insurance, surety bond, or self-insurance to the department in the form and manner required by the department pursuant to the regulations adopted pursuant to subdivision (d).

(c) Except as provided in subdivision (b), an autonomous vehicle shall not be operated on public roads until the manufacturer submits an application to the department, and that application is approved by the department pursuant to the regulations adopted pursuant to subdivision (d). The application shall contain, at a minimum, all of the following certifications:
(1) A certification by the manufacturer that the autonomous technology satisfies all of the following requirements:

(A) The autonomous vehicle has a mechanism to engage and disengage the autonomous technology that is easily accessible to the operator.

(B) The autonomous vehicle has a visual indicator inside the cabin to indicate when the autonomous technology is engaged.

(C) The autonomous vehicle has a system to safely alert the operator if an autonomous technology failure is detected while the autonomous technology is engaged, and when an alert is given, the system shall do either of the following:

(i) Require the operator to take control of the autonomous vehicle.
(ii) If the operator does not or is unable to take control of the autonomous vehicle, the autonomous vehicle shall be capable of coming to a complete stop.
(D) The autonomous vehicle shall allow the operator to take control in multiple manners, including, without limitation, through the use of the brake, the accelerator pedal, or the steering wheel, and it shall alert the operator that the autonomous technology has been disengaged.
(E) The autonomous vehicle’s autonomous technology meets Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards for the vehicle’s model year and all other applicable safety standards and performance requirements set forth in state and federal law and the regulations promulgated pursuant to those laws.
(F) The autonomous technology does not make inoperative any Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards for the vehicle’s model year and all other applicable safety standards and performance requirements set forth in state and federal law and the regulations promulgated pursuant to those laws.
(G) The autonomous vehicle has a separate mechanism, in addition to, and separate from, any other mechanism required by law, to capture and store the autonomous technology sensor data for at least 30 seconds before a collision occurs between the autonomous vehicle and another vehicle, object, or natural person while the vehicle is operating in autonomous mode. The autonomous technology sensor data shall be captured and stored in a read-only format by the mechanism so that the data is retained until extracted from the mechanism by an external device capable of downloading and storing the data. The data shall be preserved for three years after the date of the collision.
(2) A certification that the manufacturer has tested the autonomous technology on public roads and has complied with the testing standards, if any, established by the department pursuant to subdivision (d).
(3) A certification that the manufacturer will maintain, an instrument of insurance, a surety bond, or proof of self-insurance as specified in regulations adopted by the department pursuant to subdivision (d), in an amount of five million dollars ($5,000,000).

Resources: California Legislature

On-Road

Motorcycle Rider Education

California

See Motorcycle Endorsement Requirements.

On-Road

Distracted and Inattentive Driving

California

California Vehicle Code Section 23123.5: Driving Offenses
(a) A person shall not drive a motor vehicle while holding and operating a handheld wireless telephone or an electronic wireless communications device unless the wireless telephone or electronic wireless communications device is specifically designed and configured to allow voice-operated and hands-free operation, and it is used in that manner while driving.
(b) This section shall not apply to manufacturer-installed systems that are embedded in the vehicle.
(c) A handheld wireless telephone or electronic wireless communications device may be operated in a manner requiring the use of the driver’s hand while the driver is operating the vehicle only if both of the following conditions are satisfied:
(1) The handheld wireless telephone or electronic wireless communications device is mounted on a vehicle’s windshield in the same manner a portable Global Positioning System (GPS) is mounted pursuant to paragraph (12) of subdivision (b) of Section 26708 or is mounted on or affixed to a vehicle’s dashboard or center console in a manner that does not hinder the driver’s view of the road.

(2) The driver’s hand is used to activate or deactivate a feature or function of the handheld wireless telephone or wireless communications device with the motion of a single swipe or tap of the driver’s finger.

(d) A violation of this section is an infraction punishable by a base fine of twenty dollars ($20) for a first offense and fifty dollars ($50) for each subsequent offense.
(e) This section does not apply to an emergency services professional using an electronic wireless communications device while operating an authorized emergency vehicle, as defined in Section 165, in the course and scope of his or her duties.
(f) For the purposes of this section, “electronic wireless communications device” includes, but is not limited to, a broadband personal communication device, a handheld device or laptop computer with mobile data access, or a pager.

Resources: California Legislature

On-Road

State Insurance Requirements

California

California Vehicle Code Section 16056: Evidence of financial responsibility
(a) A policy or bond shall not be effective under Section 16054 unless issued by an insurance company or surety company admitted to do business in this state by the Insurance Commissioner, except as provided in subdivision (b), and unless the policy or bond is subject to either of the following:
(1) If the accident has resulted in bodily injury or death, to a limit, exclusive of interest and costs, of not less than fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000) because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one accident and, subject to that limit for one person, to a limit of not less than thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one accident, and, if the accident has resulted in injury to, or destruction of property, to a limit of not less than five thousand dollars ($5,000) because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one accident.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), for any policy or bond issued or renewed on or after January 1, 2025, if the accident has resulted in bodily injury or death, to a limit, exclusive of interest and costs, of not less than thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one accident and, subject to that limit for one person, to a limit of not less than sixty thousand dollars ($60,000) because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one accident, and, if the accident has resulted in injury to, or destruction of property, to a limit of not less than fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000) because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one accident.

Resources: California Legislature

Off-Road

OHV Registration

California

California Vehicle Code Section 38225: Identification fees.
(a) A service fee of seven dollars ($7) shall be paid to the department for the issuance or renewal of identification of off-highway motor vehicles subject to identification, except as expressly exempted under this division.
(b) In addition to the service fee required by subdivision (a), a special fee of thirty-three dollars ($33) shall be paid at the time of payment of the service fee for the issuance or renewal of an identification plate or device.
(c) All money transferred pursuant to Section 8352.6 of the Revenue and Taxation Code, all fees received by the department pursuant to subdivision (b), and all day use, overnight use, or annual or biennial use fees for state vehicular recreation areas received by the Department of Parks and Recreation shall be deposited in the Off-Highway Vehicle Trust Fund, which is hereby created. There shall be a separate reporting of special fee revenues by vehicle type, including four-wheeled vehicles, all-terrain vehicles, motorcycles, and snowmobiles. All money shall be deposited in the fund, and, upon appropriation by the Legislature, shall be allocated according to Section 5090.61 of the Public Resources Code.
(d) Any money temporarily transferred by the Legislature from the Off-Highway Vehicle Trust Fund to the General Fund shall be reimbursed, without interest, by the Legislature within two fiscal years of the transfer.

Resources: California Legislature 

On-Road

Motorcyclist Profiling

Colorado

No specific laws regulating motorcyclist profiling.

On-Road

Helmet Use

Colorado

Colorado Revised Statutes Title 42-4-1502: Motorcycles and autocycles; protective helmet
(4.5)(a) Except as provided in subsection (4.5)(c) of this section, a person shall not drive or ride as a passenger on a motorcycle, autocycle, or low-power scooter on a roadway unless:
(I) Each person under eighteen years of age is wearing a protective helmet of a type and design manufactured for use by operators of motorcycles;
(II) The protective helmet conforms to the design and specifications set forth in paragraph (b) of this subsection (4.5); and
(III) The protective helmet is secured properly on the person’s head with a chin strap while the motorcycle, autocycle, or low-power scooter is in motion.
(b) A protective helmet required to be worn by this subsection (4.5) shall:
(I) Be designed to reduce injuries to the user resulting from head impacts and to protect the user by remaining on the user’s head, deflecting blows, resisting penetration, and spreading the force of impact;
(II) Consist of lining, padding, and chin strap; and
(III) Meet or exceed the standards established in the United States department of transportation federal motor vehicle safety standard no. 218, 49 CFR 571.218, for motorcycle helmets.
(c) A person driving or riding an autocycle need not wear a helmet if the autocycle has:
(I) Three wheels;
(II) A maximum design speed of twenty-five miles per hour or less;
(III) A windshield; and
(IV) Seat belts.

Resources: Colorado Code via LexisNexis

On-Road

Excessive Motorcycle Sound

Colorado

Colorado Revised Statutes 42-4-225: Mufflers; prevention of noise.
(1) Every motor vehicle subject to registration and operated on a highway shall at all times be equipped with an adequate muffler in constant operation and properly maintained to prevent any excessive or unusual noise, and no such muffler or exhaust system shall be equipped with a cut-off, bypass, or similar device. No person shall modify the exhaust system of a motor vehicle in a manner which will amplify or increase the noise emitted by the motor of such vehicle above that emitted by the muffler originally installed on the vehicle, and such original muffler shall comply with all of the requirements of this section.

Resources: Colorado Code via LexisNexis

Off-Road

Access to Public Lands

Colorado

See OHV Registration.
Resources: Colorado Parks & Wildlife

Off-Road

OHV Registration

Colorado

Colorado Revised Statutes Title 33-14.5-102: Off-highway vehicle registration; nonresident-owned or -operated off-highway vehicle permits; fees; applications; requirements; exemptions; rules.
(1)(a) Except as provided in subsection (6) of this section, and except as provided for nonresident-owned and -operated off-highway vehicles in subsection (9) of this section, no person shall operate, nor have in his or her possession at any staging area, any off-highway vehicle within the state unless such off-highway vehicle has been registered and numbered in accordance with the provisions of this article. The division is authorized to assign identification numbers and register off-highway vehicles.

Resources: Colorado Code via LexisNexis

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Florida

Florida Code Section 316.209: Operating motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic.
(1) All motorcycles are entitled to full use of a lane and no motor vehicle shall be driven in such manner as to deprive any motorcycle of the full use of a lane. This subsection shall not apply to motorcycles operated two abreast in a single lane.
(2) The operator of a motorcycle shall not overtake and pass in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken.
(3) No person shall operate a motorcycle between lanes of traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles.
(4) Motorcycles shall not be operated more than two abreast in a single lane.
(5) Subsections (2) and (3) do not apply to police officers or firefighters in the performance of their official duties.
(6) A violation of this section is a noncriminal traffic infraction, punishable as a moving violation as provided in chapter 318.

Resources: The Florida Senate

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Florida

Florida Code Section 319.145: Autonomous vehicles.
(1) An autonomous vehicle registered in this state must meet all of the following requirements:
(a) When required by federal law:
1. Have been certified in accordance with federal regulations in 49 C.F.R. part 567 as being in compliance with applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards.
2. Bear the required certification label or labels including reference to any exemption granted under applicable federal law.
(b) Be capable of being operated in compliance with the applicable traffic and motor vehicle laws of this state, regardless of whether the vehicle is operating with the automated driving system engaged.
(2) If the autonomous vehicle is not fully autonomous, the vehicle must have a system to safely alert a licensed human operator physically present in the vehicle if an automated driving system failure is detected while the automated driving system is engaged. When an alert is given, the system must require the licensed human operator to take control of the autonomous vehicle or must achieve a minimal risk condition. The term “minimal risk condition” means a reasonably safe state, such as bringing the vehicle to a complete stop and activating the vehicle’s hazard lamps.
(3) If the autonomous vehicle is fully autonomous, it must be able to achieve a minimal risk condition if a failure of the automated driving system occurs which renders that system unable to perform the entire dynamic driving task relevant to its intended operational design domain.
(4) Federal regulations promulgated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration shall supersede this section when found to be in conflict with this section.

Resources: Florida Senate

On-Road

Motorcycle Rider Education

Florida

Florida Code Section 322.0255: Florida motorcycle safety education program.
(1) The department shall establish a Florida Motorcycle Safety Education Program. The program shall be funded as provided by ss. 320.08 and 322.025.
(2) The department shall establish and administer motorcycle safety courses. The department shall prescribe the curricula for such courses, which must include a minimum of 12 hours of instruction, at least 6 hours of which shall consist of actual motorcycle operation. The department may adopt or include courses, curricula, or materials developed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation or by other traffic safety groups determined to be comparable by the department.
(3) The department shall prescribe the qualifications for certification of instructors in the program. The department may include the qualifications specified by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation or by other traffic safety groups determined to be comparable by the department, and may recognize, for purposes of certification, instructor training provided by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation or by other traffic safety groups determined to be comparable by the department, as fulfilling the department’s training requirements.
(4) Every organization shall be approved by the department before it may conduct motorcycle safety courses. The department may enter into agreements with organizations to provide for such courses. Such agreements shall include provisions for compensation of the costs of conducting the courses. Students may be required to purchase insurance as required by the organization providing the course.
(5) Each organization that provides an approved motorcycle safety course may charge a registration fee, not to exceed $20 per student. This fee must be refunded if the student completes the course. However, any student who registers for, and does not complete, the course must forfeit his or her registration fee. Forfeited fees may be retained by the organization that conducts the course.
(6) The department may adopt rules to implement this section.
(7) On and after January 1, 1989, every first-time applicant for licensure to operate a motorcycle who is under 21 years of age shall be required to complete a motorcycle education course as established pursuant to this section. Proof of completion of such education course shall be presented to the driver license examining office prior to such licensure to operate a motorcycle.

Resources: Florida Senate

On-Road

Distracted and Inattentive Driving

Florida

Florida Code Section 316.305: Wireless communications devices; prohibitions.
(3)(a)A person may not operate a motor vehicle while manually typing or entering multiple letters, numbers, symbols, or other characters into a wireless communications device or while sending or reading data on such a device for the purpose of nonvoice interpersonal communication, including, but not limited to, communication methods known as texting, e-mailing, and instant messaging. As used in this section, the term “wireless communications device” means any handheld device used or capable of being used in a handheld manner, that is designed or intended to receive or transmit text or character-based messages, access or store data, or connect to the Internet or any communications service as defined in s. 812.15 and that allows text communications. For the purposes of this paragraph, a motor vehicle that is stationary is not being operated and is not subject to the prohibition in this paragraph.

Resources: Florida Senate

On-Road

State Insurance Requirements

Florida

Florida Code Section 324.021: Definition; minimum insurance required.
(7)PROOF OF FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.—That proof of ability to respond in damages for liability on account of crashes arising out of the use of a motor vehicle:
(a)In the amount of $10,000 because of bodily injury to, or death of, one person in any one crash;
(b)Subject to such limits for one person, in the amount of $20,000 because of bodily injury to, or death of, two or more persons in any one crash;
(c)In the amount of $10,000 because of injury to, or destruction of, property of others in any one crash

Resources: Florida Senate

On-Road

Motorcycle Endorsement Requirements

Florida

Florida Code Section 322.57: Tests of knowledge concerning specified vehicles; endorsement; nonresidents; violations.
(1) In addition to fulfilling any other driver licensing requirements of this chapter, a person who:
(g) Drives a motorcycle must successfully complete a test of his or her knowledge concerning the safe operation of such vehicles and a test of his or her driving skills on such vehicle. A person who successfully completes such tests shall be issued an endorsement if he or she is licensed to drive another type of motor vehicle. A person who successfully completes such tests and who is not licensed to drive another type of motor vehicle shall be issued a Class E driver license that is clearly restricted to motorcycle use only.

Resources: Florida Statutes 322.03

On-Road

Motorcyclist Profiling

Georgia

No specific laws related to Motorcyclist Profiling.

On-Road

Helmet Use

Georgia

Georgia Code Section 40-6-315: Headgear and eye-protective devices for riders.
(a) No person shall operate or ride upon a motorcycle unless he or she is wearing protective headgear which complies with standards established by the commissioner of public safety.
(b) No person shall operate or ride upon a motorcycle if the motorcycle is not equipped with a windshield unless he or she is wearing an eye-protective device of a type approved by the commissioner of public safety.
(c) This Code section shall not apply to persons riding within an enclosed cab or motorized cart. This Code section shall not apply to a person operating a three-wheeled motorcycle used only for agricultural purposes.

Resources: Code of Georgia via LexisNexis

On-Road

Distracted and Inattentive Driving

Georgia

Georgia Code Section 40-6-241: Distracted driving; restrictions on wireless telecommunications devices and stand-alone electronic devices; penalty; exceptions.
(b) A driver shall exercise due care in operating a motor vehicle on the highways of this state and shall not engage in any actions which shall distract such driver from the safe operation of such vehicle.
(c) While operating a motor vehicle on any highway of this state, no individual shall:
(1) Physically hold or support, with any part of his or her body a:
(A) Wireless telecommunications device, provided that such exclusion shall not prohibit the use of an earpiece, headphone device, or device worn on a wrist to conduct a voice based communication; or
(B) Stand-alone electronic device;
(2) Write, send, or read any text based communication, including but not limited to a text message, instant message, e-mail, or Internet data on a wireless telecommunications device or stand-alone electronic device; provided, however, that such prohibition shall not apply to:
(A) A voice based communication which is automatically converted by such device to be sent as a message in a written form; or
(B) The use of such device for navigation of such vehicle or for global positioning system purposes;
(3) Watch a video or movie on a wireless telecommunications device or stand-alone electronic device other than watching data related to the navigation of such vehicle; or
(4) Record or broadcast a video on a wireless telecommunications device or stand-alone electronic device; provided that such prohibition shall not apply to electronic devices used for the sole purpose of continuously recording or broadcasting video within or outside of the motor vehicle.

Resources: Code of Georgia via LexisNexis

Off-Road

Access to Public Lands

Georgia

Georgia Code Section 40-7-4: Operating restrictions; perennial stream defined.

Any person operating an off-road vehicle under any of the following conditions shall be deemed to be in violation of this chapter and subject to the penalties provided in Code Section 40-7-6:

(1) Without operative brakes or without mufflers or other silencing equipment;

(2) On any private property without the express written permission of the owner of the property or his or her agent; or

(3) Within any perennial stream, except when directly crossing such stream. As used in this paragraph, the term “perennial stream” means a stream:

(A) That under normal circumstances has water flowing year round;

(B) That has the channel located below the ground-water table most of the year;

(C) For which ground water is the primary source of water; and

(D) For which runoff from rainfall is a supplemental source of water flow.

Resources: Code of Georgia via LexisNexis

Off-Road

OHV Registration

Georgia

No specific laws regulating OHV registration for public land access.

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Idaho

Idaho Revised Statutes Section 49-637: Driving on highways laned for traffic.

Whenever any highway has been divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for traffic the following, in addition to all else, shall apply:

(1) A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from that lane until the driver has first ascertained that the movement can be made with safety.

(2) Upon a highway which is divided into three (3) lanes and provides for two-way movement of traffic, a vehicle shall not be driven in the center lane except when overtaking and passing another vehicle traveling in the same direction when the center lane is clear of traffic within a safe distance, or in preparation for making a left-turn or where the center lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic moving in the same direction that the vehicle is proceeding and the allocation is designated by a traffic-control device.

(3) Traffic-control devices may be erected directing specified traffic to use a designated lane, or designate those lanes to be used by traffic moving in a particular direction, regardless of the center of the highway and drivers of vehicles shall obey the directions of every device.

(4) Traffic-control devices may be installed prohibiting the changing of lanes on sections of highways and drivers of vehicles shall obey the directions of every device.

Resource: Idaho Statutes

On-Road

Helmet Use

Idaho

Idaho Revised Statutes Section 49-666: Motorcycle, motorbike, UTV and ATV safety helmets; requirements and standards.

No person under eighteen (18) years of age shall ride upon or be permitted to operate a motorcycle, motorbike, utility type vehicle or an all-terrain vehicle unless at all times when so operating or riding upon the vehicle he is wearing, as part of his motorcycle, motorbike, UTV or ATV equipment, a protective safety helmet of a type and quality equal to or better than the standards established for helmets by the director, except the provisions of this section shall not apply when such vehicles are operated or ridden on private property, or when used as an implement of husbandry, and shall also not apply to completely enclosed autocycles.
Resources: Idaho Legislature

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Illinois

Illinois Compiled Statutes Section 625 ILCS §5/11-703: Overtaking a vehicle on the left.

(c) The driver of a 2-wheeled vehicle may not, in passing upon the left of any vehicle proceeding in the same direction, pass upon the right of any vehicle proceeding in the same direction unless there is an unobstructed lane of traffic available to permit such passing maneuver safely.
Resources: Illinois General Assembly

On-Road

Helmet Use

Illinois

No specific law regulating motorcycle helmet use.

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Indiana

Indiana Code Section 9-21-10-6: Traffic lanes; restrictions on use.

Sec. 6. A motorcycle is entitled to the full use of a traffic lane and a vehicle may not be driven or operated in a manner that deprives another vehicle of the full use of a traffic lane. Motorcycles, other than autocycles, may, with the consent of both persons who operate the motorcycles, be operated with not more than two (2) abreast in a single traffic lane.
Resources: Indiana General Assembly

On-Road

Helmet Use

Indiana

Indiana Code Section 9-19-7-1: Minors; protective headgear and face shields; exception for autocycles.

(b) An individual less than eighteen (18) years of age who is operating or riding on a motorcycle or motor driven cycle on the streets or highways shall do the following:

(1) Wear a helmet that meets the standards established by the United States Department of Transportation under 49 CFR 571.218 as in effect January 1, 1979.

(2) Wear protective glasses, goggles, or transparent face shields.
Resources: FindLaw Indiana Code Title 9. Motor Vehicles

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Iowa

owa Code Section 321.275: Operation of motorcycles and motorized bicycles.

4. Use of traffic lanes. Persons shall not operate motorcycles or motorized bicycles more than two abreast in a single lane. Except for persons operating such vehicles two abreast, a motor vehicle shall not be operated in a manner depriving a motorcycle or motorized bicycle operator of the full use of a lane. A motorcycle or motorized bicycle shall not be operated between lanes of traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles. The operator of a motorcycle or motorized bicycle shall not overtake and pass in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken unless the vehicle being overtaken is a motorcycle or motorized bicycle.
Resources: Iowa Legislature Motor Vehicles and Law of the Road

On-Road

Motorcycle Endorsement Requirements

Iowa

Iowa Administrative Code Rule 761-602.13: Class M noncommercial driver’s license.
b. The license is issued for either two years or eight years.
(1) A qualified applicant who is at least 17 years, 11 months of age but not yet 78 years of age shall be issued an eight-year license. However, the expiration date of the license issued shall not exceed the licensee’s 80th birthday.
(2) A two-year license shall be issued to a qualified applicant who is under 17 years, 11 months of age or who is 78 years of age or older.
(2) Requirements.
a. An applicant shall be at least 16 years of age.
b. Except as otherwise provided in Iowa Code subsection 321.178(3), an applicant under 18 years of age must meet the requirements of Iowa Code section 321.180B and submit proof of successful completion of an Iowa-approved course in driver education.
c. An applicant under 18 years of age must submit proof of successful completion of an Iowa-approved course in motorcycle rider education.
This rule is intended to implement Iowa Code sections 321.177, 321.178, 321.180B, 321.189 and 321.196.

Resources: Thomson Reuters Iowa Admin. Code

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Kansas

No specific laws regulate automated vehicles.

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Kentucky

No specific law regulating motorcycle lane splitting.

On-Road

Helmet Use

Kentucky

Kentucky Revised Statutes Section 189.285: Regulations for operating and riding on motorcycles; headgear requirements; definitions of motorcycle and moped.

(3) The following persons shall be required to wear protective headgear, in the manner prescribed by the secretary of the Transportation Cabinet, at all times the motorcycles they are riding are in motion on a public highway:

(a) A person under the age of twenty-one (21) years who is operating a motorcycle or who is a passenger on a motorcycle or in a sidecar attachment;

(b) A person who possesses a motorcycle instruction permit and who is operating a motorcycle; and

(c) A person who has held a valid motorcycle operator’s license, or combination motor vehicle-motorcycle operator’s license, for less than one (1) year and who is operating a motorcycle.
Resources: Kentucky Legislature Statute

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Louisiana

Louisiana Revised Statutes Section 32:378.4: Autonomous vehicle equipment requirements.

A motor vehicle with autonomous technology that is designed to be operated exclusively by an automated driving system for all trips shall not be subject to motor vehicle equipment laws or equipment regulations of this state that relate to or support motor vehicle operation by a human driver and are not relevant for an automated driving system.
Resources: Louisiana State Legislature

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Michigan

Michigan Compiled Laws Section 257.660: Electric personal assistive mobility device, low-speed vehicle, commercial quadricycle; electric skateboard, or moped; operation; limitations; applicability to police officer; regulation by local government; prohibitions; regulation by department of natural resources.

(2) A motorcycle is entitled to full use of a lane, and a motor vehicle must not be driven in such a manner as to deprive a motorcycle of the full use of a lane. This subsection does not apply to motorcycles operated 2 abreast in a single lane or to the operation of a motorcycle in a manner that blocks, delays, or otherwise interferes with the movement of a streetcar on a streetcar track.

(3) A person riding an electric personal assistive mobility device, motorcycle, electric skateboard, or moped upon a roadway shall not ride more than 2 abreast except on a path or part of a roadway set aside for the exclusive use of those vehicles.

(5) A person operating a motorcycle, moped, low-speed vehicle, electric personal assistive mobility device, or electric skateboard shall not pass between lines of traffic, but may pass on the left of traffic moving in his or her direction in the case of a 2-way street or on the left or right of traffic in the case of a 1-way street, in an unoccupied lane.
Resources: Michigan Legislature, Michigan Vehicle Code

On-Road

Helmet Use

Michigan

Michigan Compiled Laws Section 257.658: Riding on seat of bicycle, motorcycle, moped, electric skateboard, or electric personal assistive mobility device; number of persons; wearing of crash helmet; conditions; rules; requirements for autocycle.

(5) The following conditions apply to a person 21 years of age or older operating or riding on a motorcycle, as applicable:

(a) A person who is operating a motorcycle is not required to wear a crash helmet on his or her head if he or she has had a motorcycle endorsement on his or her operator’s or chauffeur’s license for not less than 2 years or the person passes a motorcycle safety course conducted under section 811a or 811b and satisfies the requirements of subdivision (c).

(b) A person who is riding on a motorcycle is not required to wear a crash helmet on his or her head if the person or the operator of the motorcycle satisfies the requirements of subdivision (c).

(c) A person who is operating a motorcycle and a person who is riding on a motorcycle are not required to wear crash helmets on their heads if the operator of the motorcycle or the rider has in effect security for the first-party medical benefits payable in the event that he or she is involved in a motorcycle accident, as provided in section 3103 of the insurance code of 1956, 1956 PA 218, MCL 500.3103, in 1 of the following amounts, as applicable:

(i) A motorcycle operator without a rider, not less than $20,000.00.

(ii) A motorcycle operator with a rider, not less than $20,000.00 per person per occurrence. However, if the rider has security in an amount not less than $20,000.00, then the operator is only required to have security in the amount of not less than $20,000.00.
Resources: Michigan Legislature, Michigan Vehicle Code

On-Road

Helmet Use

Minnesota

Minnesota Revised Statutes Section 169.974: Operation of motorcycle; motor scooter; motor bike.

Subd. 4 (a) No person under the age of 18 shall operate or ride a motorcycle on the streets and highways of this state without wearing protective headgear that complies with standards established by the commissioner of public safety; and no person shall operate a motorcycle without wearing an eye-protective device.

(b) The provisions of this subdivision do not apply to (1) persons during their participation in a parade for which parade a permit or other official authorization has been granted by a local governing body or other governmental authority, or (2) persons riding within an enclosed cab autocycle.
Resources: 2024 Minnesota Statutes

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Montana

Montana Code Annotated Section 61-8-392: Lane filtering for motorcycles; definition.

(1) An operator of a two-wheeled motorcycle may engage in lane filtering when:

(a) the operator of a two-wheeled motorcycle is on a road with lanes wide enough to pass safely;

(b) the overtaking motorcycle is not operated at a speed in excess of 20 miles an hour when overtaking the stopped or slow-moving vehicle; and

(c) conditions permit continued reasonable and prudent operation of the motorcycle while lane filtering.

(2) As used in this section, “lane filtering” means the act of overtaking and passing another vehicle that is stopped or traveling at a speed not in excess of 10 miles an hour in the same direction of travel and in the same lane.
Resources: Montana Code Annotated, Title 61 Motor Vehicles

On-Road

Helmet Use

Montana

Montana Code Annotated Section 61-9-417: Headgear required for minor motorcycle riders.

(1) (a) Except as provided in subsection (1)(b), an operator and passenger under 18 years of age of a motorcycle or quadricycle operated on the streets or highways of this state shall wear protective headgear on the head. The headgear must meet standards established by the department of justice.

(b) This section does not apply to an operator and passenger of an autocycle as defined in 61-1-101 that is completely enclosed with a windshield, nonremovable doors, and a roof.

(2) A person may not operate a motorcycle upon a highway in the state unless all passengers under 18 years of age are in compliance with subsection (1).
Resources: Montana Code Annotated, Title 61 Motor Vehicles

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Nebraska

Nebraska Revised Statutes Section 60-3303: Automated-driving-system-equipped vehicle; operation; authorized; provisions applicable; department; duties.

(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the operation on the public roads of this state of an automated-driving-system-equipped vehicle capable of performing the entire dynamic driving task within its operational design domain while a conventional human driver is present is lawful. Such operation shall be subject to the Nebraska Rules of the Road, as applicable. In addition, the conventional human driver shall be licensed as required under the Motor Vehicle Operator’s License Act, shall remain subject to the Nebraska Rules of the Road, shall operate the automated-driving-system-equipped vehicle according to the manufacturer’s requirements and specifications, and shall regain manual control of the vehicle upon the request of the automated driving system.

(2) The automated driving system feature, while engaged, shall be designed to operate within its operational design domain in compliance with the Nebraska Rules of the Road, including, but not limited to, safely negotiating railroad crossings, unless an exemption has been granted by the department. The department shall consult with the railroad companies operating in this state when considering an exemption that affects vehicle operations at railroad crossings.
Resources: Nebraska Legislature, Nebraska Revised Statute

On-Road

Lane Splitting

New Hampshire

New Hampshire Revised Statutes Section 265:121: Driving motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic.

I. All motorcycles are entitled to the full use of a lane and no motor vehicle shall be driven in such a manner as to deprive any motorcycle of the full use of a lane; provided, however, that 2 motorcycles may ride abreast in a single lane.

II. The driver of a motorcycle shall not overtake and pass in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken.

III. No person shall drive a motorcycle on a roadway between lanes of traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles.

IV. Motorcycles shall not be driven more than 2 abreast in a single lane.
Resources: New Hampshire Title XXI Motor Vehicles

On-Road

Helmet Use

New Hampshire

 Hampshire
New Hampshire Revised Statutes Section 265:122: Protective headgear.
I. No person less than 18 years of age may drive or ride upon a motorcycle or autocycle unless he or she wears protective headgear of a type approved by the director. Such headgear shall be equipped with either a neck or chin strap.
II. The director is hereby authorized and empowered to adopt rules pursuant to RSA 260:5 covering the types of protective headgear and the specifications therefor and to establish and maintain a list of approved headgear which meet established specifications.
III. If federal law is altered so that the mandatory wearing of protective headgear on motorcycles or autocycles by persons less than 18 years of age is not required as a condition to the receipt by the state of any federal funds, paragraphs I and II shall be void.

Resources: Justia US Law, New Hampshire Revised Statutes

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

New Mexico

No specific laws regulating automated vehicles

On-Road

Lane Solitting

New York

New York Consolidated Laws Section 7-34A-1252: Operating motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic.

(a) All motorcycles are entitled to full use of a lane and no motor vehicle or motorcycle shall be driven in such a manner as to deprive any motorcycle of the full use of a lane. However, this subsection shall not be construed to prevent motorcycles from being operated two abreast in a single lane.

(b) The operator of a motorcycle shall not overtake and pass in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken.

(c) No person shall operate a motorcycle between lanes of traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles.

(d) Motorcycles shall not be operated more than two abreast in a single lane.
Resources: New York State Law, Vehicle and Traffic Law

On-Road

Helmet Use

New York

New York Consolidated Laws Section 71-3-9.381: Motorcycle Equipment.

6. It shall be unlawful for any person to operate or ride upon a motorcycle unless he wears a protective helmet of a type which meets the requirements set forth in section 571.218 of the federal motor vehicle safety standards as may from time to time be amended. The commissioner is hereby authorized and directed to adopt regulations for helmets which are consistent with the requirements as specified in section 571.218 of the federal motor vehicle safety standards, as may from time to time be amended. The police authorities of a city, town or village may issue a permit exempting members of organizations sponsoring or conducting parades or other public exhibitions from the provisions of this subdivision while such members are participating in such parades or other public exhibitions.
Resources: The New York State Senate

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

North Carolina

North Carolina General Statutes Section 20-401: Regulation of fully autonomous vehicles.

(h) Operation. – A person may operate a fully autonomous vehicle if the vehicle meets all of the following requirements:

(1) Unless an exception or exemption has been granted under applicable State or federal law, the vehicle:

a. Is capable of being operated in compliance with Articles 3, 3A, 7, 11, and 13 of this Chapter;

b. Complies with applicable federal law and regulations; and

c. Has been certified in accordance with federal regulations in 49 C.F.R. Part 567 as being in compliance with applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards and bears the required certification label or labels.
Resources: North Carolina Legislature

On-Road

Lane Splitting

North Dakota

North Dakota Century Code Section 39-10.2-03: Operating motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic.

1. All motorcycles are entitled to full use of a lane and no motor vehicle may be driven in such a manner as to deprive any motorcycle of the full use of a lane. This subsection does not apply to the operation of motorcycles two abreast in a single lane as authorized in subsection 4.

2. The operator of a motorcycle may not overtake and pass in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken.

3. No person may operate a motorcycle between lanes of traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles.

4. Motorcycles may not be operated more than two abreast in a single lane.
Resources: North Dakota Legislature

On-Road

Helmet Use

North Dakota

North Dakota Century Code Section 39-10.2-06: Equipment for motorcycles.

1. No person under the age of eighteen years may operate or ride upon a motorcycle unless a safety helmet meeting United States department of transportation standards is being worn on the head of the operator and rider, except when participating in a lawful parade. If the operator of a motorcycle is required to wear a safety helmet, any passenger must also wear a safety helmet regardless of the age of the passenger.

2. This section does not apply to persons riding within an enclosed cab or on a golf cart.

3. No person may operate a motorcycle if a person under the age of eighteen years is a passenger upon that motorcycle and is not wearing a safety helmet as provided in subsection 1.
Resources: North Dakota Legislature, Motorcycles

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Ohio

No specific laws regulating automated vehicles.

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Oklahoma

Oklahoma Statutes Section 47-11-1103: Motorcycles, motor-driven scooters, motorized scooters, or motorized bicycles; restrictions on transporting other persons.

D. No driver of a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, motorized scooter, motorized bicycle, or electric-assisted bicycle shall pass other vehicles between lanes of traffic traveling in the same direction.
Resources: Oklahoma Senate, Oklahoma Statutes

On-Road

Helmet Use

Oklahoma

Oklahoma Statutes Section 47-12-609: Motorcycles; required equipment.

B. No person under eighteen (18) years of age shall operate or ride upon any motorcycle unless such person is properly wearing a crash helmet of a type which complies with standards established by 49 C.F.R., Section 571.218.
Resources: Justia US Law, Oklahoma Statutes

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Oregon

Oregon Revised Statutes Section 184.667: Autonomous vehicles.

The Department of Transportation is the lead agency responsible for coordination of autonomous vehicle programs and policies.
Resources: Oregon Administrative Rules

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Consolidated Codes Section 3523: Operating motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic.

(a) Right to use of lane.- All motorcycles are entitled to full use of a lane and no motor vehicle shall be driven in such a manner as to deprive any motorcycle of the full use of a lane.

(b) Overtaking and passing.- The operator of a motorcycle shall not overtake and pass in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken.

(c) Operation between lanes or vehicles.- No person shall operate a motorcycle between lanes of traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles.

(d) Limitation on operating abreast.- Motorcycles shall not be operated more than two abreast in a single lane.
Resources: Pennsylvania State Legislature, Chapter 35

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Helmet Use

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Consolidated Codes Section 3525: Protective equipment for motorcycle riders.

(a) Protective headgear.- Except as provided in subsection (d), no person shall operate or ride upon a motorcycle or a motor-driven cycle (other than a motorized pedalcycle) unless he is wearing protective headgear which complies with standards established by the department.

(d) Exception.- The provisions of subsection (a) shall not apply to the following:

(1) The operator or any occupant of a three-wheeled motorcycle equipped with an enclosed cab.

(2) A person 21 years of age or older who has been licensed to operate a motorcycle for not less than two full calendar years.

(3) A person 21 years of age or older who has completed a motorcycle rider safety course approved by the department or the Motorcycle Safety Foundation.

(4) The passenger of a person exempt under this subsection if the passenger is 21 years of age or older.
Resources:Pennsylvania General Assembly, Title 75

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Helmet Use

South Carolina

South Carolina Code of Laws Section 56-5-3660: Helmets must be worn by operators and passengers under age twenty-one; helmet design; list of approved helmets.

It shall be unlawful for any person under the age of twenty‐one to operate or ride upon a two‐wheeled motorized vehicle unless he wears a protective helmet of a type approved by the Department of Public Safety. Such a helmet must be equipped with either a neck or chin strap and be reflectorized on both sides thereof. The department is hereby authorized to adopt and amend regulations covering the types of helmets and the specifications therefor and to establish and maintain a list of approved helmets which meet the specifications as established hereunder.  
Resources: South Carolina Motorcycle Laws

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Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

South Dakota

No specific laws regulating automated vehicles.

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Texas

Texas Transportation Code Section 545.0605: Operation of motorcycles on roadway laned for traffic.

(1) is entitled to full use of a lane and, except as otherwise provided by Subdivision (2), a motor vehicle may not be driven in a manner that deprives a motorcycle of the full use of a lane;

(2) may operate the motorcycle two abreast in a single lane with another motorcycle; and

(3) may not;

(A) operate the motorcycle more than two abreast in a single lane with other motorcycles;

(B) operate the motorcycle between lanes of traffic moving in the same direction; or

(C) pass a motor vehicle while in the same lane as the vehicle being passed.

Resources: Texas Transportation Code

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Helmet Use

Texas

Texas Transportation Code Section 661.003: Offenses relating to not wearing protective headgear.
(a) A person commits an offense if the person:
(1) operates or rides as a passenger on a motorcycle on a public street or highway; and
(2) is not wearing protective headgear that meets safety standards adopted by the department.
(b) A person commits an offense if the person carries on a motorcycle on a public street or highway a passenger who is not wearing protective headgear that meets safety standards adopted by the department.
(c) It is an exception to the application of Subsection (a) or (b) that at the time the offense was committed, the person required to wear protective headgear was at least 21 years old and had successfully completed a motorcycle operator training and safety course under Chapter 662 or was covered by a health insurance plan providing the person with medical benefits for injuries incurred as a result of a collision while operating or riding on a motorcycle. A peace officer may not arrest a person or issue a citation to a person for a violation of Subsection (a) or (b) if the person required to wear protective headgear is at least 21 years of age and presents evidence sufficient to show that the person required to wear protective headgear has successfully completed a motorcycle operator training and safety course or is covered by a health insurance plan as described by this subsection.

Resources: Texas Transportation Code

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Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Utah

Utah Code Section 41-26-103: Operation of motor vehicles equipped with an automated driving system.

(1) A motor vehicle equipped with a level three ADS may operate on a highway in this state if:

(a) the motor vehicle is operated, whether by the ADS or human driver with a valid driver license, in compliance with the applicable traffic and motor vehicle safety laws and regulations of this state, unless an exemption has been granted;

(b) when required by federal law, the motor vehicle:

(i) has been certified as being in compliance with all applicable motor vehicle safety standards; and

(ii) bears the required certification label, including reference to any exemption granted under federal law;

(c) when operated by an ADS, if a system failure occurs that renders the ADS unable to perform the entire dynamic driving task relevant to the intended operational design domain of the ADS, the ADS will achieve a minimal risk condition or make a request to intervene; and

(d) the motor vehicle is titled and registered in compliance with Section 41-26-107.

(2) A motor vehicle equipped with a level four or level five ADS may operate in driverless operation on a highway in this state if:

(a) the ADS is capable of operating in compliance with applicable traffic and motor vehicle laws and regulations of this state, unless an exemption has been granted;

(b) when required by federal law, the motor vehicle:

(i) has been certified as being in compliance with all applicable Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and regulations; and

(ii) bears the required certification label including reference to any exemption granted under federal law;

(c) a system failure occurs that renders the ADS unable to perform the entire dynamic driving task relevant to the intended operational design domain of the ADS, a minimal risk condition will be achieved; and

(d) the motor vehicle is titled and registered in compliance with Section 41-26-107.

(3) A vehicle being operated by an ADS or a remote driver is not considered unattended.
Resources: Justia US Law, Utah Code

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Washington

Revised Code of Washington Section 46.61.608: Operating motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic.

(1) All motorcycles are entitled to full use of a lane and no motor vehicle shall be driven in such a manner as to deprive any motorcycle of the full use of a lane. This subsection shall not apply to motorcycles operated two abreast in a single lane.

(2) The operator of a motorcycle shall not overtake and pass in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken. However, this subsection shall not apply when the operator of a motorcycle overtakes and passes a pedestrian or bicyclist while maintaining a safe passing distance of at least three feet.

(3) No person shall operate a motorcycle between lanes of traffic or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles.
Resources: Washington State Legislature

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Helmet Use

Washington

Revised Code of Washington Section 46.37.530: Motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, mopeds, electric-assisted bicycles; helmets, other equipment; children; rules.

(c) For any person to operate or ride upon a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or moped on a state highway, county road, or city street unless wearing upon his or her head a motorcycle helmet except when the vehicle is an antique motor-driven cycle or when the vehicle is equipped with all of the following:

(i) Steering wheel;

(ii) Seat belts that conform to standards prescribed under 49 C.F.R. Part 571; and

(iii) Partially or completely enclosed seating area for the driver and passenger that is certified by the manufacturer as meeting the standards prescribed under 49 C.F.R. Sec. 571.216.
Resources: Washington State Legislature

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

West Virginia

 Virginia
West Virginia Code Section 17H-1-5: Operation of fully autonomous vehicles without a human driver.
(a) A person may operate a fully autonomous vehicle on the public roads of this state without a human driver provided that the ADS is engaged and the vehicle meets the following conditions:
(1) If a failure of the ADS occurs which renders the system unable to perform the entire dynamic driving task (DDT) relevant to its intended operational design domain, the fully autonomous vehicle will achieve a minimal risk condition;
(2) The fully autonomous vehicle is capable of operating in compliance with the applicable traffic and motor vehicle safety laws and regulations of this state when reasonable to do so, unless an exemption has been granted by the Department of Transportation; and
(3) When required by federal law, the vehicle bears the required manufacturer’s certification label indicating that at the time of its manufacture it has been certified to be in compliance with all applicable Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, including reference to any exemption granted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Resources: West Virginia Code

On-Road

Lane Splitting

Wisconsin

Wisconsin Statutes and Annotations Section 346.595: Motorcycles and mopeds.

Whenever a motorcycle or a moped is operated the following rules apply:

(1) All motor vehicles including motorcycles and mopeds are entitled to the full use of a traffic lane and no vehicle may be driven or operated in such a manner so as to deprive any other vehicle of the full use of a traffic lane. With the consent of both drivers, motorcycles may be operated not more than 2 abreast in a single lane, but mopeds may be so operated only where the speed limit is 25 miles per hour or less.
Resources: Wisconsin State Legislature

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Helmet Use

Wisconsin

Wisconsin Statutes and Annotations Section 347.485: Protective headgear for use on motorcycles.

(1)(a) No person who holds an instructional permit under s. 343.07 (4) or who is under 18 years of age may operate or ride upon a motorcycle on any highway unless the person is wearing protective headgear of a type which meets the standards established for motorcycle operation in 49 CFR 571.218 and the chin strap is properly fastened.

Resources: Wisconsin State Legislature

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Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

Wyoming

No specific laws regulating automated vehicles.

On-Road

Automated Vehicles & Motorcyclist Safety

South Carolina

No specific laws regulating automated vehicles.

On-Road

Motorcycle Rider Education

Idaho

Idaho Revised Statutes Section 33-4902: Motorcycle safety program.

(1) The division of career technical education shall develop standards for, establish and administer the Idaho motorcycle safety program.

(2) The division of career technical education shall establish standards for the motorcycle rider training course, including standards for course curriculum and student evaluation and testing, and shall meet or exceed established national standards for motorcycle rider training courses in effect as of September 1, 1994.

(3) The program shall include activities to increase motorcyclists’ alcohol and drug effects awareness, motorcycle rider improvement efforts, program promotion activities, and other efforts to enhance motorcycle safety through education, including enhancement of public awareness of motorcycles.

(4) The administrator of the division of career technical education shall appoint a program coordinator to oversee and direct the program.

(5) The division of career technical education shall establish standards for the training and approval of motorcycle rider training instructors and skills examiners which shall meet or exceed established national standards for such instructors and skills examiners in effect as of September 1, 1994.
Resources: Idaho Legislature, Idaho Statutes

On-Road

Distracted and Inattentive Driving

Idaho

Idaho Revised Statutes Section 49-1401A: Distracted Driving.

(2) Except as provided in this subsection, a person shall not operate a motor vehicle while using a mobile electronic device.

(3) No person shall operate a motor vehicle while watching motion upon the screen of a mobile electronic device, other than motion related to the functioning or navigation of the vehicle.

(4) A violation of this section shall be a moving violation and shall be an infraction punishable by a fine of seventy-five dollars ($75.00) for a first offense and one hundred fifty dollars ($150) for a second offense within a three (3) year period. For each subsequent offense within a three (3) year period, the offender shall be punished by a fine of three hundred dollars ($300).
Resources: Idaho Legislature Idaho Statutes

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State Insurance Requirements

Idaho

Idaho Revised Statutes Section 49-1229: Required motor vehicle insurance.

(1) Every owner of a motor vehicle which is registered and operated in Idaho by the owner or with his permission shall continuously, except as provided in section 41-2516, Idaho Code, provide insurance against loss resulting from liability imposed by law for bodily injury or death or damage to property suffered by any person caused by maintenance or use of motor vehicles described therein in an amount not less than that required by section 49-117, Idaho Code, and shall demonstrate the existence of any other coverage required by this title or a certificate of self-insurance issued by the department pursuant to section 49-1224, Idaho Code, for each motor vehicle to be registered.

(2) A motor vehicle owner who prefers to post an indemnity bond with the director of the department of insurance in lieu of obtaining a policy of liability insurance may do so. Such bond shall guarantee that any loss resulting from liability imposed by law for bodily injury, death or damage to property suffered by any person caused by accident and arising out of the operation, maintenance and use of the motor vehicle sought to be registered shall be paid within thirty (30) days. The indemnity bonds shall guarantee payment in an amount no less than fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) for any one (1) accident of which fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000) is for property damage, for each vehicle registered up to a maximum of one hundred twenty thousand dollars ($120,000) for five (5) or more vehicles.
Resources: Idaho Legislature, Idaho Statutes